4 Principles for all programming languages

Some coding patterns stay true regardless of programming language.

No, this is not about OOP, functional programming, design patterns, or anything like that 💁🏼‍♂️

This is all about shared problems with every codebase, and how to solve those problems:

• Error handling (Either/Option)
• Dependency management (Dependency injection)
• Debugging (Logging and observability)

These were the same when I started with PHP, with Java for Android, Dart, Typescript, and all.

Let me share this with you 👇

Tech stack

• Effect: I am exploring these principles and how to solve them with Effect lately. The same ideas can (and will) be applied to other programming languages

Setup

This week I explored more of the Effect API.

Principle 1: any usable language must provides tooling (documentation, IDE support, types, debugging)

This is why working with Typescript and Dart is great: the IDE support is next level 🚀

Get started

I rewrote some native Typescript code to Effect to learn the differences.

Principles 2: Error handling requires Either and Option (try/catch is flawed)

Errors cannot be ignored: they must be explicit at the type level.

Effect.Effect<void, PlatformError | FileError, Fs.FileSystem> // 👈 With Effect
Promise<void> // 👈 Plain Typescript

Effect collects all possible errors, you know exactly what can go wrong. You can then handle all the errors in one place.

"If it complies it works" 🪄

Implementation

Solving error handling is as simple as this 👇

export type Either<E, A> = Left<E, A> | Right<E, A>

You only need to be explicit: sometimes things go wrong (Left) and sometimes they work (Right).

This removes any try/catch, throw, exceptions, or whatever.

Scale complexity: Dependency Injection

Second (major) problem: organize code dependencies to loose coupling and simplify testing.

Principle 3: interfaces and dependency injection

Effect uses services and layers: define interfaces, and only at the very end provide concrete implementations.

export interface JsonParseService {
  readonly parse: (
    source: string
  ) => Effect.Effect<JsonString, JsonParseError>;
}
 
export const JsonParseService = Context.GenericTag<JsonParseService>(
  "@app/JsonParseService"
);

In the above code there is no mention of "how" this is implemented.

Nonetheless, we can still use the service, since the interface is enough to know what this does:

const program = (body: string) =>
  Effect.gen(function* (_) {
    const json = yield* _(JsonParse.JsonParseService);
    const idOrUrlJson = yield* _(json.parse(body));
 
    return yield* _(idOrUrlJson, parseZod(zodSchema));
  });

We can then "inject" the implementation only at the end:

const JsonParseServiceLive = Layer.succeed(
  JsonParseService,
  JsonParseService.of({
    parse: (source) =>
      Effect.try({
        try: () => JsonString(JSON.parse(source)),
        catch: (error) => new JsonParseError({ source, error }),
      }),
  })
);
 
const program = (body: string) =>
  Effect.gen(function* (_) {
    const json = yield* _(JsonParse.JsonParseService);
    const idOrUrlJson = yield* _(json.parse(body));
 
    return yield* _(idOrUrlJson, parseZod(zodSchema));
  }).pipe(
    Effect.provide(JsonParse.JsonParseServiceLive)
  );

This allows full control over each implementation, and more flexibility for testing ✅

Logging and observability

How do I make sure everything works as expected?

Principle 4: debugging/logging/observability are not afterthoughts, they are core to every codebase

Effect provides a full Logger module for message reporting (fully customizable with dependency injection 🛠️).

Effect.gen(function* (_) {
  const fs = yield* _(Fs.FileSystem);
  const gzip = yield* _(Gzip.Gzip);
 
  const existsExtractedFilename = yield* _(fs.exists(extractedFilename));
  if (useCachedFile && existsExtractedFilename) {
    return yield* _(
      Effect.logDebug(`using cached file "${extractedFilename}"`)
    );
  }
 
  yield* _(Effect.logDebug(`extracting ${gzipFilename}...`));
 
  yield* _(gzip({ gzipFilename, extractedFilename }));
})

Often times logging is not enough. We need full observability.

Effect provides APIs for Metrics and Tracing:

• Tracking a Value Over Time
• Request Counts
• Error Counts
• Memory Usage

I have still a lot to explore on these APIs 🤓

I wrote a complete overview of how to rewrite plain Typescript code into Effect and what are the differences and advantages.

This is your starting point to start converting your codebase to Effect 💡

Takeaways

• Every programming language shares similar challenges
• Some principles stay true regardless of your programming language or framework
• The main problem is managing complexity: explicit errors and dependencies using types helps scaling
• Effect is spearheading a new paradigm, but this applies to other languages as well 💡

I am flying to Vienna this week for the Effect Days ✈️

Next week is all about the conference and all the new innovations, learnings, and takeaways from it.

Trust me: you don't want to miss this 🤝

See you next 👋